Geospatial Catalogs are specialized catalog servers that store metadata on spatial data - i.e, they describe the data stored in maps and what not, in a central location. As with any metadata storage, this allows the meta-data to be searched and queried in various forms, thus providing users with an easy and efficient way of identifying the required source data.
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Open Geospatial Consortium has provided specifications for Metadata Catalog Servers, which have been implemented by various Catalog Systems such as Geonetwork, Excat, Deegree etc.